On September 9th, 2020, NYU updated the license servers MATLAB communicates with for purposes of authentication. If MATLAB no longer launches for you, there's a good chance the license server strings you have on your computer need to be updated. Here's how to do that in Windows 10:
Step 1: Log in the PC with a user account that has administrative privileges.
Step 2: In File Explorer: 
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navigate to: This PC -> Windows (C:) -> Program Files -> MATLAB -> (your version number here, e.g. R2017a) -> Licenses.
For reference:
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Step 3: Right click on: "network.lic" -> Open With -> More apps -> Notepad
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Step 4: Edit the following:
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replacing the entire string with the following:
# NYU ITS matlab license servers - 09.09.2020
SERVER lm2.its.nyu.edu 27000
SERVER lm3.its.nyu.edu 27000
SERVER lm4.its.nyu.edu 27000
USE_SERVER
Step 5: Save your changes:
File -> Save ->
In the pop-up window:
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select the drop-down menu by "Save as type:" 
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and select "All Files", then confirm your change:
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Step 6: Launch MATLAB, confirming the license error no longer appears.
Note: If you get a permission denied error when attempting to save the file, do the following:
Right click on: network.lic -> Properties -> Security ->
In Groups or user names, select:
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then Edit -> and Modify permissions by clicking off the "Full Control" box:
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saving your changes. Then redo the steps outlined earlier.
Thanks.